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Invited
paper to Int'l Symposium on New Energy,
Denver
April 16-18, 1993,
sponsored
by Int'l Association for New Science,
Fort
Collins CO 80524.
KEY WORDS:
CANCER THERAPY
CARCINOGENESIS
MAGNETIC THERAPY
ONCOGENESIS
CELL MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
PAPPAS PULSED MAGNETIC FIELDS
CELL MITOSIS
ELECTROMAGNETIC THERAPY
CELL ENERGY
EFFECTS
OF PULSED MAGNETIC FIELD OSCILLATIONS IN CANCER
THERAPY
by
Panos
T. Pappas, Ph.D.*
and Charles Wallach, Ph.D.**
http://www.papimi.gr/
Abstract
It has
been discovered that the effects on tumor cells of a novel
method of producing extremely sharp pulses of very
high-intensity magnetic field oscillations that has consistently
proven more efficacious in tumor cell destruction than similar
therapeutic modalities using lower power density. It appears
that this observed phenomenon results from inducing an increase
in characteristically low tumor cell membrane potential that
inhibits mitosis and consequently causes cell death from aging
and/or starvation. The importance of this discovery
warrants a systematic clinical study as outlined in Appendix A.
Background
Albert
Szent-Gyorgyi (1960) wrote "The living cell is essentially
an electrical device..." in which the membrane with its
oscillatory pumping function appears to be the generator, fueled
by AMP. Nearly a decade later (1968) he also observed,
"Cancer [instead of being regarded as a hostile intruder]
might be looked upon also as a cell in trouble, which needs help
to return to normal." Viewing the cell membrane as an
electrical generator, it is clear that potential it develops is
a measure of its efficiency and operating condition.
*Professor of Physics and Mathematics, Pireaus Technical
University, Athens, Greece
**Director, Center for Understanding, Research & Education
in Medicine, Canoga Park CA 91304
The Pappas Magnetic Induction Generator (MIG) developed by
Panos T. Pappas (1992) represents the latest generation of
advanced electro-therapeutic devices using high-frequency,
pulsed, electric, magnetic and/or electromagnetic fields to
non-invasively excite biological cells and tissues. The
MIG is unique in the manner in which it produces very high
energy, short, sharp-edged pulses of UHF magnetic-field
oscillations at a flux density orders of magnitude greater than
similar devices in current use.
In
experimenting with resonant circuits containing physical
discontinuities over the past ten years (Pappas, 1990a/b) it was
found that easily variable, transient, magnetic oscillations
produced in the plasma vector of a shock-excited
"unclosed" circuit and applied non-invasively to or
through body surfaces in localized areas, appeared to have
unique effects on tumor cell reproduction and angiogenesis,
resulting in their destruction. This appears to hold true
whether the origin of the tumor was induced by a virus or a
carcinogen.
The
proliferation of reports in the medical literature over the past
half century related to the biological effects of static and
especially pulsed fields (electric, magnetic and
electromagnetic) appear to present a paradoxical picture in
which various of these modalities have been shown to:
· kill tumor
cells
· revitalize sick or injured cells
· significantly accelerate healing of soft and hard tissues
· destroy infectious microorganisms
At first
glance, it is difficult to rationalize how such stimuli could
produce cell death on the one hand, and cell regeneration on the
other. However, as energy loss and ATP production, both of
which are interactively and proportionally linked to TMP, it
seems reasonable to suppose that an increase in TMP would not
only restore homeostasis to cells in which a toxin, infection or
injury has lowered their energy resources (Cove, 1990), but also
provide the necessary stimulus for new-cell differentiation in
the process of tissue repair (Becker, 1974).
On close
consideration of these factors, it becomes apparent that
metabolic processes directly related to cell membrane potential
(and its effect on the energy resources of the cell) may be the
common link between these phenomena.
In
support of this hypothesis, it has been shown that, properly
applied, these various exogenic stimuli are capable of
increasing transmembrane potential (TMP) to or toward an optimum
value and energy level of a healthy cell. This is
considered to be the key factor, and the efficacy of MIG
irradiation suggests that it is the extraordinarily high field
intensity which accounts for its much higher rate of success
when compared with that of similar devices in current use.
Discussion
Transmembrane
potential (TMP) is defined as the electrical potential between
the negative interior of the cell membrane and plasma
environment (due to the presence of negative ions), with respect
to the less negative or more positive potential of the exterior
of the cell membrane and its tangential environment due to the
presence of positive ions (Cone, 1985).
In a normal, healthy, mitotically quiescent cell, the
inner surface of the membrane is on the order of 50 to 60 mv
more negative than its outer surface, and the TMP is therefore
taken to be -50 to -60 mv within a relatively small margin; in
this condition, the cell is said to be highly polarized (Cone,
1985).
As the cell ages, sickens, starves or grows to a point
where the membrane becomes progressively thinner, the TMP drops
below the normal range (the membrane gradually becomes
depolarized) and ATP production is reduced accordingly.
When the TMP falls to circa -15 mv, mitosis is triggered and the
cell divides (Cone, 1970). This endogenic phenomenon is
naturally characteristic of the life cycle of normal cells; but
when such depolarization is brought about by exogenic factors,
mitosis is induced prematurely and uncontrolled proliferation
results in the growth of a tumor (Cone, 1971).
Premature depolarization and mitosis leading to
carcinogenesis may obtain from either a sustained increase in
the intracellular concentration of Na+ ions (Cone, 1970 and
1974), or a surplus of negative ions (such as certain acid
molecules bound to saccharides on the external wall of the cell
membrane (Cure, 1992), or both (Cure, 1976).
In the
latter case of carcinogenesis caused by surplus nega- tive
charges bound to the exterior of the membrane, a secondary
effect may be postulated: since these charges would form a
negative field or sheath around the cell, this would tend to
repel negatively charged erythrocytes and lymphocytes,
preventing the immune system from destroying the tumor cells
(Cure, 1992).
In either case, granting the validity of the respective
premises, it is apparent that irradiation by pulsed magnetic
fields (PMF) generates an alternating current across the cell
membrane that is incrementally rectified by the nonlinear
impedence of the membrane, such that the exterior becomes more
positive than the interior.
Other significant aspects of PMF therapy to be considered
in this context are:
- its
synergistic effect when combined with antitumor
chemotherapy as reported by Sersa (1992), (Omote, 1988),
(Nordenstrom, 1990).
- According to
Cure (1976) the unique cause of oncogenesis is membrane
depolarization by an excess of negative charges on the
external surface of a cell due to an accumulation of amino
and ribonucleic acids.
- Becker (1974)
reported on reduction of carcinomas and other cancerous
tumors by neutralizing excess negative ions with a
positive potential applied to the tumor mass.
- Nordenstrom
(1990) and Marino (1986) reported similar tumor mass
reduction in the forty percentiles with similar
techniques.
Over the
past century, various forms of electric, magnetic and
electromagnetic stimulation have been used efficaciously to
slow, retard, and even completely dissipate tumor growths.
The literature reflects that:
- direct
current applied to the tumor mass is somewhat
effective alone, and more so in combination with
chemotherapy, but does not appear to be an ideal modality.
- certain
frequencies of RF electromagnetic excitation selected
for their thermal effects on the tumor mass are also useful
where effective, but do not appear to be an ideal modality.
- pulsed
electric field irradiation may have some therapeutic
effects on superficial tumor cells, but the depth of
penetration is limited; pulsed electric fields applied to
deeper tumor masses may involve the hazard of disturbing the
heart rhythm unless synchronized with the normal R-wave
(Fansan, 1992).
- many
references in the current literature strongly indicate
that prolonged exposure to sinusoidal magnetic fields can
promote oncogenesis, especially in small children.
Before
discussing the efficacy of pulsed magnetic fields in this
context, it should be pointed out that all of the above
electrotherapeutic modalities are directed at the tumor mass,
and their effects on individual interior and exterior tumor
cells may vary throughout the mass with uncontrolled variables
in the tumor environment.
On the
other hand, due to uniform penetration characteristics, a
rapidly changing (oscillating) magnetic field should have an
equal effect on every cell within the tumor mass. What is
that effect? It is axiomatic that a moving magnetic field
will induce a current in a conductive medium. The
conductive medium in this context is the tumor cell, and
particularly the polarized cell membrane through which ion
exchange is constantly occurring.
The
stimulus of an oscillating magnetic field will cause current to
flow in alternating directions through the conductive cell
membrane and interstitial fluids, thus generating an
exogenically induced alternating potential across the membrane.
A single magnetic oscillation cycle, with equal bidirectional
current flow, would cause no net change in TMP.
However,
the cell membrane presents a non-linear impedance to current
flow, and there is a finite time constant involved in the
opening and closing of ion gates; thus when rapid magnetic field
oscillations occur at a sufficiently high frequency, the
potential or charge across the membrane induced by the
outward-flowing current does not have time to leak off before
the next cycle begins. This results in the cumulative
rectification of small increments of negative potential on the
interior surface of the membrane, and a net increase in TMP.
By
driving the TMP well above the critical point where mitosis is
triggered, the reproduction of a tumor cell is inhibited; this
phenomenon is well supported by clinical and in vitro
observations. It is further postulated that in driving the
outer surface of the membrane more positive, the tumor cell
becomes more accessible to immunological defense mechanisms
(Cure, 1992).
The Pappas Magnetic Induction Generator (MIG) appears to
excite the individual cells within the tumor mass more
effectively than other electrotherapeutic modalities because of
its larger flux density (orders of magnitude greater than
similar devices in current use) and/or its higher frequency
spectrum.
In
addition to its ability to inhibit cancer cell reproduction as
described above, in a statistically significant number of
clinical cases over the past year, MIG irradiation has also been
shown to destroy infectious microorganisms in vivo (Wallach,
1993). This phenomenon becomes even more significant in
view of the fact that cancer growth may be triggered either by a
carcinogens (chemical or ionizing radiation) (Adams, 1986) or by
a virus.
In 1966
Payton Rous was awarded the Nobel prize for his 1911 discovery
of the carcinogenic Rous virus. Subsequently, the Rous
"virus" was found to be a pleomorphic form of
bacterium producing both DNA and RNA by Mattman (1974),
Livingston (1984) and others who demonstrated that infectious
bacteria not only contained parasitic viruses, but were capable
of metamorphosing into viral forms with changes in electrical
and/or culture environment.
A new
hypothesis: Energy deficiency and cancer
Cancer is
a general phenomenon found in the entire spectrum of living
organisms, and its derivatives have been found even in viruses.
The fact that carcinogenesis relates to particular energy
changes in the cell suggests that an energy resource deficiency
may be the central carcinogenic mechanism.
This
hypothesis offers a new explanation, and suggests methods for
the prevention and cure of cancer based on the direct
application of high amplitude, plasma-generated pulses of UHF
oscillations to cancer cells, and is supported by clinical
observations of satisfactory results obtained from this
application.
References
to the relationship of cell energy level and cancer are found
throughout the literature; however, it is believed that this may
be the first definition and characterization of cancer cells as
cells with low internal energy. We base this on the
development of a device that, in supplying electrical energy at
a cellular level, has been seen to diminish and even to calcify
cancer tumors of nearly all types.
When a
cell becomes cancerous, the following facts relating to the
internal energy of the cell are observed (Yunis, 1983), (Sheer,
1986), (Dimdi, 1985), (Papaspyrou, 1991):
a) The number
of mitochondria is diminished, thus reducing the
activity and energy level of the cell (Deroberts, 1980a).
b) The
ATP-producing function of oxidation-phosphorylation is
diminished, causing further reduction in available energy
(Deroberts, 1980b).
c) Anaerobic
metabolism (glycolysis) increases, acquiring a
smaller number of ATP molecules, resulting in limited
energy production and reduced thermal energy (Deroberts,
1980b).
d) The internal
level of Na+ ions is increased relative to the
K+ ions, with a twofold result (Apell, 1989), (Nieto-
Frausto, 1992), (Schwarz, 1991):
1)
Na+ has a large tendency for hydration; one Na+ ion can
bind at least one H2O molecule, and water displaces internal
thermal energy to the outside (Sturmer, 1991).
2)
High internal Na+ concentrations relative to external K+
concentration impairs the efficiency of the Na/K pump that
exchanges three internal Na+ ions with two external K+ ions.
Although
all four of these phenomena may be interrelated (Szent-Gyorgyi,
1976), they have in common the effect of reducing the internal
energy resources of the cancer cell. In case d(2) above,
this is more evident because, according to Goldman's equation
(Moore, 1972), high internal Na+ concentration causes a drop in
transmembrane potential from a normal healthy cell potential on
the order of -50 to -70 mv to a typical cancer cell potential on
the order of -15mf (Cone, 1974, 1985).
A cell
with such low transmembrane potential might be compared to a
dying battery; according to the Goldman formula (Moore, 1972)
the energy level of such a typical cancer cell is less than 5%
of that of a normal, healthy cell and thus clearly fits the
characterization of the energy resource deficiency hypothesis.
Conclusions
It is
convincingly evident from clinical trials that Pappas Magnetic
Induction Generator (MIG) has significantly important
therapeutic applications in:
- Reduction of
tumor cells
- Apparent
destruction of AIDS retrovirus and other infectious
microorganisms
There
remains to test our basic hypothesis of tumor cell destruction
and to further investigate the precise mechanisms through which
these phenomena are mediated, as outlined in the Research
Proposal in Appendix A.
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